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Abstract
Tulisan ini menginformasikan tentang kebutuhan sumber alternatif pengganti bahan bakar fosil untuk pesawat (Avtur). Peningkatan kebutuhan energi terus terjadi dan di sisi lain jumlah energi yang bersumber dari fosil terus menurun, maka perlu dilakukan upaya diversifikasi energi, yaitu upaya pemanfaatan energi alternatif. Berdasarkan Renstra Kementerian ESDM Tahun 2015–2019, cadangan minyak bumi Indonesia sebesar 3,6 miliar barel diperkirakan akan habis dalam 13 tahun mendatang. Menteri Perhubungan (2009–2014) E. E. Mangindaan mengatakan pemanfaatan bahan bakar nabati dan energi terbarukan bagi sektor transportasi secara khusus juga mendorong peningkatan konten lokal baik dari aspek penguasaan riset, teknologi dan aplikasi dari hulu hingga ke hilir di dalam seluruh mata rantai suplai, produksi dan distribusi. Gagasan untuk menggunakan mikroalga sebagai sumber bahan bakar bukanlah hal baru, tetapi sekarang dianggap serius karena kenaikan harga minyak bumi dan lebih penting lagi, masalah yang muncul tentang pemanasan global dan efek rumah kaca yang terkait dengan pembakaran bahan bakar fosil. Kelebihan yang dimiliki oleh mikroalga bila dibandingkan dengan tanaman lainnya yaitu efisiensi fotosintesis yang tinggi, menghasilkan biomassa yang lebih banyak, pertumbuhan lebih cepat, tidak berkompetisi dengan produksi pangan, mengurangi emisi gas rumah kaca, dapat mengubah CO2 menjadi biomassa, mempunyai komponen sampingan selain lipid, dapat menghemat sumberdaya air karena menggunakan air hasil daur ulang, dapat bertahan dalam salinitas yang tinggi, 10-100 kali menghasilkan biodisel dibanding tanaman lain untuk luas yang sama, siklus hidup yang lebih singkat dan sesuai dengan iklim Indonesia.
This paper informs about the need for alternative sources of substitute for fossil fuels for aircraft (Avtur). Increasing energy needs continue to occur and on the other hand the amount of energy sourced from fossils continues to decline, it is necessary to do energy diversification efforts, namely efforts to use alternative energy. Based on the ESDM Ministry Strategic Plan for 2015-2019, Indonesia's oil reserves of 3.6 billion barrels are expected to run out in the next 13 years. The Minister of Transportation (2009-2014) EE Mangindaan said that the use of biofuels and renewable energy for the transportation sector in particular also encouraged the increase of local content both from the mastery of research, technology and applications from upstream to downstream in all supply chains, production and distribution. The idea of using microalgae as a fuel source is not new, but is now taken seriously because of the increase in petroleum prices and more importantly, the problems that arise about global warming and the greenhouse effect associated with burning fossil fuels. The advantages of microalgae compared to other plants are high photosynthetic efficiency, producing more biomass, faster growth, not competing with food production, reducing greenhouse gas emissions, can convert CO2 into biomass, have a side component other than lipids, can save water resources because it uses recycled water, can survive in high salinity, 10-100 times produce biodiesel compared to other plants for the same area, a shorter life cycle and in accordance with Indonesia's climate.
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References
- Alimin, A.A. & B.H. Susanto. 2018. Simulation of a bioavtur production process from non-edible vegetable oil. E3S Web of Conferences vol. 67, 1-7
- Chisti, J., 2007, Biodiesel from microalgae., Biotechnology Advances, (25) 294-306
- Demirbas, A. 2009. Progress and recent trends in biodiesel fuels. Energy Conver. Manage. 50: 14-34.
- Dephub, 2014, Kemenhub dan Kementerian ESDM Tanda Tangani MoU Mengenai Aviation Biofuel dan Renewable Energy, Direktorat Jenderal Perhubungan Udara Kementerian Perhubungan Republik Indonesia, [http://www.dephub.go.id/berita/baca/kemenhub-dan-kementerian-esdm-tanda-tangani-mou-mengenai-aviation-biofuel-dan-renewable-energy-60015/?cat=QmVyaXRhfHNlY3Rpb24tNg==], diakses 20 Februari 2019.
- Dwiratna, B. & Soebagja. 2015. Pengembangan Katalis Berbasis NiMo Alumina Untuk Reaksi Hidrodeoksigenasi Minyak Nabati Menjadi Bioavtur. Enerlink: 6 hlm
- Frac. M., S. Jezierska-Tys & J. Tys. 2010. Microalgae for Biofuel s production and environmental applications: A review. African Journal Biotechnology Vol. 9 (54), 9227-9236
- Ginting, J., U.A.Prabu, & M.A. Abro. 2014, Evaluasi Proses Pembuatan Avtur (Aviation Turbine) Berdasarkan Analisa Sifat Fisik dan Kimia Minyak Mentah (Crude Oil) di PT Pertamina Ru II Dumai. Jurnal Ilmu Teknik Sriwijaya 2 (3): 5 hlm
- IATA. 2018. Sustainable Aviation Fuel : Fact Sheet. Montreal : 2 hlm.
- Li Q, Du W, Liu D 2008. Perspectives of microbial oils for biodiesel production. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 80: 749-756.
- Li, X. & E. Mupondwa. 2014. “Life cycle assessment of camelina oil derived biodiesel and jet fuel in the Canadian Prairies,” Sci. Total Environ., vol. 481, pp. 17–26
- M. Mofijur., M.G. Rasul, J. Hyde, M.M.K. Bhuyia. 2015. Role of Biofuel s on IC Engines Emission Reduction. Energy Procedia 75, 886 – 892
- Masjuki, H.H., M.A. Kalam, M. Mofijur, M. Shahabuddin. 2013. Biofuel: Policy, Standardization and Recommendation for Sustainable Future Energy Supply. Energy Procedia; 42: 577-586.
- Ministry Of Energy and Mineral Resources Republic Indonesia. 2018. Handbook Of Energy And Economic Statistics Of Indonesia. Jakarta, 73 hlm.
- Rude MA, Schirmer A 2009. New microbial fuels: a biotech perspecyive. Curr. Opin. Microbiol. 12: 274-281.
- Sa’adah, A.F., A. Fauzi, B. Juanda. 2017. Peramalan Penyediaan dan Konsumsi Bahan Bakar Minyak Indonesia dengan Model Sistem Dinamik. Jurnal Ekonomi dan Pembangunan Indonesia Vol. 7 (2). 118--137
- Somerville, C 2007. Biofuel s. Curr. Biol. 17: 115-119.
- te Raa, H.R., W.J. Ockels, J.A. Melkert, T.A. Snijders & W.W.A.B. van Blokland, 2010. Bio jet fuel from macro algae, Thesis, Faculty of Aerospace Engineering, Delft University of Technology. Delft, 21 hlm
- The American Petroleum Institute. 2010. Kerosene / Jet Fuel Category Assessment Document Sumbited to US EPA. Petroleum HPV Testing Group . Washington DC. 47 hlm
- Wormslev, Erik C., J.L. Pedersen, C. Eriksen, R. Bugge, N. Skou, C. Tang, T. Liengaard, R.S. Hansen, J.M. Eberhardt, M.K. Rasch, J. Höglund, R.B. Englund, J. Sandquist, B.M. Güell, J.J.K. Haug, P. Luoma, T. Pursula & M. Bröckl. 2016. Sustainable jet fuel for aviation :Nordic perpectives on the use of advanced sustainable jet fuel for aviation. Rosendahls-Schultz Grafisk, Denmark: 253 hlm.
References
Alimin, A.A. & B.H. Susanto. 2018. Simulation of a bioavtur production process from non-edible vegetable oil. E3S Web of Conferences vol. 67, 1-7
Chisti, J., 2007, Biodiesel from microalgae., Biotechnology Advances, (25) 294-306
Demirbas, A. 2009. Progress and recent trends in biodiesel fuels. Energy Conver. Manage. 50: 14-34.
Dephub, 2014, Kemenhub dan Kementerian ESDM Tanda Tangani MoU Mengenai Aviation Biofuel dan Renewable Energy, Direktorat Jenderal Perhubungan Udara Kementerian Perhubungan Republik Indonesia, [http://www.dephub.go.id/berita/baca/kemenhub-dan-kementerian-esdm-tanda-tangani-mou-mengenai-aviation-biofuel-dan-renewable-energy-60015/?cat=QmVyaXRhfHNlY3Rpb24tNg==], diakses 20 Februari 2019.
Dwiratna, B. & Soebagja. 2015. Pengembangan Katalis Berbasis NiMo Alumina Untuk Reaksi Hidrodeoksigenasi Minyak Nabati Menjadi Bioavtur. Enerlink: 6 hlm
Frac. M., S. Jezierska-Tys & J. Tys. 2010. Microalgae for Biofuel s production and environmental applications: A review. African Journal Biotechnology Vol. 9 (54), 9227-9236
Ginting, J., U.A.Prabu, & M.A. Abro. 2014, Evaluasi Proses Pembuatan Avtur (Aviation Turbine) Berdasarkan Analisa Sifat Fisik dan Kimia Minyak Mentah (Crude Oil) di PT Pertamina Ru II Dumai. Jurnal Ilmu Teknik Sriwijaya 2 (3): 5 hlm
IATA. 2018. Sustainable Aviation Fuel : Fact Sheet. Montreal : 2 hlm.
Li Q, Du W, Liu D 2008. Perspectives of microbial oils for biodiesel production. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 80: 749-756.
Li, X. & E. Mupondwa. 2014. “Life cycle assessment of camelina oil derived biodiesel and jet fuel in the Canadian Prairies,” Sci. Total Environ., vol. 481, pp. 17–26
M. Mofijur., M.G. Rasul, J. Hyde, M.M.K. Bhuyia. 2015. Role of Biofuel s on IC Engines Emission Reduction. Energy Procedia 75, 886 – 892
Masjuki, H.H., M.A. Kalam, M. Mofijur, M. Shahabuddin. 2013. Biofuel: Policy, Standardization and Recommendation for Sustainable Future Energy Supply. Energy Procedia; 42: 577-586.
Ministry Of Energy and Mineral Resources Republic Indonesia. 2018. Handbook Of Energy And Economic Statistics Of Indonesia. Jakarta, 73 hlm.
Rude MA, Schirmer A 2009. New microbial fuels: a biotech perspecyive. Curr. Opin. Microbiol. 12: 274-281.
Sa’adah, A.F., A. Fauzi, B. Juanda. 2017. Peramalan Penyediaan dan Konsumsi Bahan Bakar Minyak Indonesia dengan Model Sistem Dinamik. Jurnal Ekonomi dan Pembangunan Indonesia Vol. 7 (2). 118--137
Somerville, C 2007. Biofuel s. Curr. Biol. 17: 115-119.
te Raa, H.R., W.J. Ockels, J.A. Melkert, T.A. Snijders & W.W.A.B. van Blokland, 2010. Bio jet fuel from macro algae, Thesis, Faculty of Aerospace Engineering, Delft University of Technology. Delft, 21 hlm
The American Petroleum Institute. 2010. Kerosene / Jet Fuel Category Assessment Document Sumbited to US EPA. Petroleum HPV Testing Group . Washington DC. 47 hlm
Wormslev, Erik C., J.L. Pedersen, C. Eriksen, R. Bugge, N. Skou, C. Tang, T. Liengaard, R.S. Hansen, J.M. Eberhardt, M.K. Rasch, J. Höglund, R.B. Englund, J. Sandquist, B.M. Güell, J.J.K. Haug, P. Luoma, T. Pursula & M. Bröckl. 2016. Sustainable jet fuel for aviation :Nordic perpectives on the use of advanced sustainable jet fuel for aviation. Rosendahls-Schultz Grafisk, Denmark: 253 hlm.
